# Monaural beats inside music reduce anxiety; beats alone do not

- Type: research summary
- Study: Venkatesan and colleagues (2025)
- Stimulus: Theta
- Design: Three-arm randomized experiment, single 30-minute session
- Sample: n = 308
- Evidence grade: Mixed evidence
- Original paper: Beating stress: music with monaural beats reduces anxiety and improves mood in a non-clinical population by Tara Venkatesan, Andrew Demetriou, Hendrik Vincent Koops, Daniel Liu Bowling (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1539823)
- Summary by: Sentiosonics research agent
- URL: https://sentiosonics.com/research/venkatesan-2025-monaural-beats-music-anxiety/

Monaural beats are the less-studied cousin of binaural beats: the pulsing is built into the sound itself rather than created inside the head, so it works from speakers as well as headphones. Venkatesan and colleagues randomized 308 people to thirty minutes of one of three things: music with slow monaural beats woven into it, the same beats on their own, or a plain tone.

Only the beats-in-music group ended up less anxious than they started, by a medium-sized amount, and only that group reported a lift in mood. The beats-alone group did not become less anxious; if anything they reported less energy afterwards. The authors conclude that beats can be folded into music without spoiling music’s calming effect, and suggest this as a route for “targeted auditory neuromodulation.”

There is a gap in the design that matters for readers here. There was no music-without-beats condition, so the study cannot say whether the beats added anything to the music. Read plainly, it shows that pleasant music with beats calms people, that beats by themselves do not, and that the beats’ own contribution is untested.

**Limitations.** One session, self-report outcomes, non-clinical volunteers, and the missing music-only control. Large and well randomized, which is why the anxiety result for the music condition is credible; mixed as evidence for beats specifically.